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4,635 Diseases Data: Symptoms, Cause, Treatment, Contraindication
4,635 diseases and 45004 symptoms, cause, treatment, contraindication
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Listed below are the first 10 - 100 (or more) records of each of the 4 tables.
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A_Z top
| A_Z.id | A_Z.ts | A_Z.title |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 2 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | B |
| 3 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | C |
| 4 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | D |
| 5 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | E |
| 6 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | F |
| 7 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | G |
| 8 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | H |
| 9 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | I |
| 10 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | J |
| 11 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | K |
| 12 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | L |
| 13 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | M |
| 14 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | N |
| 15 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | O |
| 16 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | P |
| 17 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | Q |
| 18 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | R |
| 19 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | S |
| 20 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | T |
| 21 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | U |
| 22 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | V |
| 23 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | W |
| 24 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | X |
| 25 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | Y |
| 26 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | Z |
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diseases top
| diseases.id | diseases.ts | diseases.title |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) |
| 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) |
| 9 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) |
| 10 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Migraines in Children and Adults |
| 11 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Pain (Causes, Remedies, Treatment) |
| 12 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck ( Abdominoplasty)) |
| 13 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Ablation Therapy for Arrhythmias |
| 14 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Ablation, Endometrial (Endometrial Ablation) |
| 15 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Ablation, Uterus (Endometrial Ablation) |
| 16 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders) |
| 17 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abnormal Liver Enzymes (Liver Blood Tests) |
| 18 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abnormal Vagnial Bleeding (Vaginal Bleeding) |
| 19 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abortion, Spontaneous (Miscarriage Causes and Symptoms) |
| 20 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abrasion (Cuts, Scrapes and Puncture Wounds) |
| 21 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abscessed Tooth Guide |
| 22 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abscesses, Skin (Boils) |
| 23 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Absence of Menstrual Periods (Amenorrhea) |
| 24 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Absorbent Products Incontinence (Urinary Incontinence Products for Men) |
| 25 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abstinence Method of Birth Control (Natural Methods of Birth Control) |
| 26 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abuse, Child (Child Abuse Facts) |
| 27 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abuse, Steroid (Anabolic Steroid Abuse) |
| 28 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abyssinian Tea (Khat) |
| 29 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ACA (Affordable Care Act (ACA or ObamaCare)) |
| 30 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Accumulation of Fluid in the Abdominal Cavity (Ascites) |
| 31 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acetaminophen Liver Damage (Tylenol Liver Damage) |
| 32 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Achalasia |
| 33 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Aches (Aches, Pain, Fever) |
| 34 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Aches, Pain, Fever |
| 35 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Achilles Tendon Rupture |
| 36 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Achondroplasia |
| 37 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Achondroplastic Dwarfism (Achondroplasia) |
| 38 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acid Reflux (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)) |
| 39 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acid Reflux during Pregnancy (Heartburn and Pregnancy) |
| 40 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acid Reflux in Infants and Children (GERD in Infants and Children) |
| 41 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acne |
| 42 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acne Cystic (Boils) |
| 43 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acne Rosacea (Rosacea) |
| 44 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acne Scars (Scars) |
| 45 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acquired Brain Injury (Brain Damage: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment) |
| 46 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acquired Bronchiectasis (Bronchiectasis (Acquired, Congenital)) |
| 47 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acquired Epileptic Aphasia (Landau-Kleffner Syndrome) |
| 48 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acquired Hydrocephalus (Hydrocephalus) |
| 49 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
| 50 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acrochordon (Skin Tag) |
| 51 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ACTH-dependent Hypercortisolism (Cushing's Syndrome) |
| 52 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ACTH-independent Hypercortisolism (Cushing's Syndrome) |
| 53 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Actinic Keratosis |
| 54 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acupuncture |
| 55 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acustic Neuroma (Vertigo Overview) |
| 56 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute and Chronic Bursitis |
| 57 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Bacterial Prostatitis (Prostatitis (Inflammation of the Prostate Gland)) |
| 58 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Compartment Syndrome (Compartment Syndrome) |
| 59 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Hepatitis B (Hepatitis B) |
| 60 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Intermittent Porphyria (Porphyria) |
| 61 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Kidney Failure (Kidney Failure) |
| 62 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Lung Injury (ARDS) |
| 63 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (Leukemia) |
| 64 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Leukemia) |
| 65 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Pancreatitis (Pancreatitis) |
| 66 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Porphyria (Porphyria) |
| 67 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) |
| 68 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Valley Fever (Valley Fever) |
| 69 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Ad14 (Killer Cold Virus (Adenovirus Infection, Ad14)) |
| 70 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ADD (13 Tips for Parenting a Teen with ADHD) |
| 71 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ADD (ADHD in Children) |
| 72 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Addiction (Drug Abuse) |
| 73 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Addiction, Sexual (Sexual Addiction) |
| 74 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Addison Anemia (Pernicious Anemia) |
| 75 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Addison Disease |
| 76 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenoidectomy Surgical Instructions |
| 77 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenoids (Adenoids and Tonsils) |
| 78 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenoids and Tonsils |
| 79 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (Gardner Syndrome) |
| 80 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenomatous Polyposis of the Colon (Gardner Syndrome) |
| 81 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenomyosis (Uterine Fibroids) |
| 82 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenosine (Exercise Stress Test) |
| 83 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenosine Stress Test For Heart Disease (Coronary Artery Disease Screening Tests (CAD)) |
| 84 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenovirus Infection (Killer Cold Virus (Adenovirus Infection, Ad14)) |
| 85 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ADHD in Adults (Adult ADHD) |
| 86 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ADHD in Children |
| 87 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ADHD Parenting Tips (Parenting a Child With ADHD) |
| 88 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adhesions After Surgery (Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue)) |
| 89 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) |
| 90 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adolescents (Teenagers) |
| 91 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adoption and Inducing Lactation (Breastfeeding: Common Breastfeeding Challenges) |
| 92 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adrenal Gland Tumor (Pheochromocytoma) |
| 93 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease) |
| 94 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adrenal Pheochromocytoma (Pheochromocytoma) |
| 95 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adult Acne (Rosacea) |
| 96 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adult ADHD |
| 97 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adult Behavior Disorders (Mental Health (Psychology)) |
| 98 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adult Brain Tumors |
| 99 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adult Onset Diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus) |
| 100 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adult Onset Still (Still's Disease) |
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A_Z_x_diseases top
| A_Z_x_diseases.id | A_Z_x_diseases.ts | diseases.id | diseases.ts | diseases.title | A_Z.id | A_Z.ts | A_Z.title |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 9 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 9 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 10 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 10 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Migraines in Children and Adults | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 11 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 11 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Pain (Causes, Remedies, Treatment) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 12 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 12 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck ( Abdominoplasty)) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 13 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 13 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Ablation Therapy for Arrhythmias | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 14 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 14 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Ablation, Endometrial (Endometrial Ablation) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 15 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 15 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Ablation, Uterus (Endometrial Ablation) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 16 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 16 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 17 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 17 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abnormal Liver Enzymes (Liver Blood Tests) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 18 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 18 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abnormal Vagnial Bleeding (Vaginal Bleeding) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 19 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 19 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abortion, Spontaneous (Miscarriage Causes and Symptoms) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 20 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 20 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abrasion (Cuts, Scrapes and Puncture Wounds) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 21 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 21 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abscessed Tooth Guide | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 22 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 22 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abscesses, Skin (Boils) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 23 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 23 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Absence of Menstrual Periods (Amenorrhea) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 24 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 24 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Absorbent Products Incontinence (Urinary Incontinence Products for Men) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 25 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 25 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abstinence Method of Birth Control (Natural Methods of Birth Control) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 26 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 26 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abuse, Child (Child Abuse Facts) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 27 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 27 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abuse, Steroid (Anabolic Steroid Abuse) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 28 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 28 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abyssinian Tea (Khat) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 29 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 29 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ACA (Affordable Care Act (ACA or ObamaCare)) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 30 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 30 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Accumulation of Fluid in the Abdominal Cavity (Ascites) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 31 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 31 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acetaminophen Liver Damage (Tylenol Liver Damage) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 32 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 32 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Achalasia | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 33 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 33 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Aches (Aches, Pain, Fever) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 34 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 34 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Aches, Pain, Fever | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 35 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 35 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Achilles Tendon Rupture | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 36 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 36 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Achondroplasia | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 37 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 37 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Achondroplastic Dwarfism (Achondroplasia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 38 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 38 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acid Reflux (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 39 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 39 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acid Reflux during Pregnancy (Heartburn and Pregnancy) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 40 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 40 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acid Reflux in Infants and Children (GERD in Infants and Children) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 41 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 41 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acne | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 42 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 42 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acne Cystic (Boils) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 43 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 43 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acne Rosacea (Rosacea) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 44 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 44 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acne Scars (Scars) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 45 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 45 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acquired Brain Injury (Brain Damage: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 46 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 46 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acquired Bronchiectasis (Bronchiectasis (Acquired, Congenital)) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 47 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 47 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acquired Epileptic Aphasia (Landau-Kleffner Syndrome) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 48 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 48 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acquired Hydrocephalus (Hydrocephalus) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 49 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 49 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 50 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 50 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acrochordon (Skin Tag) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 51 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 51 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ACTH-dependent Hypercortisolism (Cushing's Syndrome) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 52 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 52 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ACTH-independent Hypercortisolism (Cushing's Syndrome) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 53 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 53 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Actinic Keratosis | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 54 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 54 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acupuncture | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 55 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 55 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acustic Neuroma (Vertigo Overview) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 56 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 56 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute and Chronic Bursitis | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 57 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 57 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Bacterial Prostatitis (Prostatitis (Inflammation of the Prostate Gland)) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 58 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 58 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Compartment Syndrome (Compartment Syndrome) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 59 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 59 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Hepatitis B (Hepatitis B) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 60 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 60 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Intermittent Porphyria (Porphyria) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 61 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 61 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Kidney Failure (Kidney Failure) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 62 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 62 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Lung Injury (ARDS) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 63 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 63 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (Leukemia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 64 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 64 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Myeloid Leukemia (Leukemia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 65 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 65 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Pancreatitis (Pancreatitis) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 66 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 66 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Porphyria (Porphyria) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 67 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 67 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 68 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 68 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Acute Valley Fever (Valley Fever) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 69 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 69 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Ad14 (Killer Cold Virus (Adenovirus Infection, Ad14)) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 70 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 70 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ADD (13 Tips for Parenting a Teen with ADHD) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 71 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 71 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ADD (ADHD in Children) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 72 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 72 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Addiction (Drug Abuse) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 73 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 73 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Addiction, Sexual (Sexual Addiction) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 74 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 74 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Addison Anemia (Pernicious Anemia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 75 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 75 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Addison Disease | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 76 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 76 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenoidectomy Surgical Instructions | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 77 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 77 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenoids (Adenoids and Tonsils) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 78 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 78 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenoids and Tonsils | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 79 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 79 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (Gardner Syndrome) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 80 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 80 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenomatous Polyposis of the Colon (Gardner Syndrome) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 81 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 81 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenomyosis (Uterine Fibroids) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 82 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 82 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenosine (Exercise Stress Test) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 83 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 83 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenosine Stress Test For Heart Disease (Coronary Artery Disease Screening Tests (CAD)) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 84 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 84 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adenovirus Infection (Killer Cold Virus (Adenovirus Infection, Ad14)) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 85 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 85 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ADHD in Adults (Adult ADHD) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 86 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 86 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ADHD in Children | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 87 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 87 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | ADHD Parenting Tips (Parenting a Child With ADHD) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 88 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 88 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adhesions After Surgery (Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue)) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 89 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 89 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 90 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 90 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adolescents (Teenagers) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 91 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 91 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adoption and Inducing Lactation (Breastfeeding: Common Breastfeeding Challenges) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 92 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 92 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adrenal Gland Tumor (Pheochromocytoma) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 93 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 93 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison Disease) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 94 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 94 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adrenal Pheochromocytoma (Pheochromocytoma) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 95 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 95 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adult Acne (Rosacea) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 96 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 96 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adult ADHD | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 97 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 97 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adult Behavior Disorders (Mental Health (Psychology)) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 98 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 98 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adult Brain Tumors | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 99 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 99 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adult Onset Diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
| 100 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | 100 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Adult Onset Still (Still's Disease) | 1 | 2017-12-14 13:56:58 | A |
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| diseases_and_conditions_index.id | diseases_and_conditions_index.ts | diseases_and_conditions_index.title | diseases_and_conditions_index.content | diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases | diseases.id | diseases.ts | diseases.title |
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| 1 | 2018-04-02 17:23:23 | Hemophilia facts | <ul> <li>Hemophilia is one of a group of inherited bleeding disorders that cause abnormal or exaggerated bleeding and poor blood clotting.</li> <li>Hemophilia A and B are inherited in an X-linked recessive genetic pattern, so males are commonly affected while females are usually carriers of the disease.</li> <li>Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency of clotting Factor VIII, while hemophilia B (also called Christmas disease) results from a deficiency of Factor IX.</li> <li>Hemophilia varies in its severity among affected individuals.</li> <li>Symptoms include excessive bleeding from any site in the body; long-term damage to joints from repeated bleeding episodes is characteristic.</li> <li>Treatment involves coagulation factor replacement therapy.</li> <li>The formation of inhibitors to the treatment factor concentrates is a significant complication of treatment.</li> <li>Gene therapy treatments are a source of active research and hold promise for the future.</li> </ul> | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 2 | 2018-04-02 17:23:23 | What is hemophilia? | Hemophilia is not one disease but rather one of a group of inherited bleeding disorders that cause abnormal or exaggerated bleeding and poor blood clotting. The term is most commonly used to refer to two specific conditions known as hemophilia A and hemophilia B, which will be the main subjects of this article. Hemophilia A and B are distinguished by the specific gene that is mutated (altered to become defective) and codes for a defective clotting factor (protein) in each disease. Rarely, hemophilia C (a deficiency of Factor XI) is encountered, but its effect on clotting is far less pronounced than A or B.Hemophilia A and B are inherited in an X-linked recessive genetic pattern and are therefore much more common in males. This pattern of inheritance means that a given gene on the X chromosome expresses itself only when there is no normal gene present. For example, a boy has only one X chromosome, so a boy with hemophilia has the defective gene on his sole X chromosome (and so is said to be hemizygous for hemophilia). Hemophilia is the most common X-linked genetic disease.Although it is much rarer, a girl can have hemophilia, but she would have to have the defective gene on both of her X chromosomes or have one hemophilia gene plus a lost or defective copy of the second X chromosome that should be carrying the normal genes. If a girl has one copy of the defective gene on one of her X chromosomes and a normal second X chromosome, she does not have hemophilia but is said to be heterozygous for hemophilia (a carrier). Her male children have a 50% chance of inheriting the one mutated X gene and thus have a 50% chance of inheriting hemophilia from their carrier mother.Hemophilia A occurs in about 1 out of every 5000 live male births. Hemophilia A and B occurs in all racial groups. Hemophilia A is about four times more common than B. B occurs in about 1 out of 20- 30,000 live male births.Hemophilia has been called the Royal Disease because Queen Victoria, Queen of England from 1837 to 1901, was a carrier. Her daughters passed the mutated gene on to members of the royal families of Germany, Spain, and Russia. Alexandra, Queen Victoria's granddaughter, who became Tsarina of Russia in the early 20th century when she married Tsar Nicholas II, was a carrier. Their son, the Tsarevich Alexei, suffered from hemophilia. | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 3 | 2018-04-02 17:23:23 | What causes hemophilia? | As mentioned above, hemophilia is caused by a genetic mutation. The mutations involve genes that code for proteins that are essential in the blood clotting process. The bleeding symptoms arise because blood clotting is impaired.The process of blood clotting involves a series of complex mechanisms involving 13 different proteins, classically termed factors I through XIII and written with Roman numerals. If the lining of the blood vessels becomes damaged, platelets are recruited to the injured area to form an initial plug. These activated platelets release chemicals that start the clotting cascade, activating the series of 13 proteins known as clotting factors. Ultimately, fibrin is formed, the protein that crosslinks with itself to form a mesh that makes up the final blood clot. The protein involved with hemophilia A is factor VIII (factor 8) and with hemophilia B is factor IX (factor 9).Picture of the blood clotting processHemophilia A is caused by a mutation in the gene for factor VIII, so there is deficiency of this clotting factor. Hemophilia B (also called Christmas disease) results from a deficiency of factor IX due to a mutation in the corresponding gene.A condition referred to as hemophilia C involves a deficiency of clotting factor XI. This condition is much rarer than hemophilia A and B and typically leads to mild symptoms. It is also not inherited in an X-linked manner and affects persons of both sexes.Hemophilia A is more common than hemophilia B. About 80% of people with hemophilia have hemophilia A. Hemophilia B occurs in about 1 out of every 20,000 to 30,000 people. A subgroup of those with hemophilia B has the so-called Leyden phenotype, which is characterized by a severe hemophilia in childhood that improves at puberty. | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 4 | 2018-04-02 17:23:23 | What are the signs and symptoms of hemophilia? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 3 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Hemophilia can vary in its severity, depending upon the particular type of mutation (genetic defect). The degree of symptoms depends upon the levels of the affected clotting factor. Severe disease is defined as | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 5 | 2018-04-02 17:23:23 | How is hemophilia diagnosed? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 1 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> The majority of patients with hemophilia have a known family history of the condition. However, about one-third of cases occur in the absence of a known family history. Most of these cases without a family history arise due to a spontaneous mutation in the affected gene. Other cases may be due to the affected gene being passed through a long line of female carriers.If there is no known family history of hemophilia, a series of blood tests can identify which part or protein factor of the blood clotting mechanism is defective if an individual has abnormal bleeding episodes.The platelet (a blood particle essential for the clotting process) count and bleeding time test should be measured as well as two indices of blood clotting, the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). A normal platelet count, normal PT, and a prolonged aPTT are characteristic of hemophilia A and hemophilia B. Specific tests for the blood clotting factors can then be performed to measure factor VII or factor IX levels and confirm the diagnosis.Genetic testing to identify and characterize the specific mutations responsible for hemophilia is also available in specialized laboratories. | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 6 | 2018-04-02 17:23:23 | Is it possible to know if you are a carrier of hemophilia? | Since men with the genetic mutation will have hemophilia, a man who does not have the condition cannot be a carrier of the disease. A woman who has a son with known hemophilia is termed an obligate carrier, and no testing is needed to establish that she is a carrier of hemophilia. Women whose carrier status is unknown can be evaluated either by testing for the clotting factors or by methods to characterize the mutation in the DNA. The DNA screening methods are generally the most reliable. Prenatal diagnosis is also possible with DNA-based tests performed on a sample obtained through amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. Most individuals are seen and tested by consultants who specialize in genetically linked diseases. | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 7 | 2018-04-02 17:23:23 | What are treatments for hemophilia? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 1 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> The mainstay of treatment is replacement of the blood clotting factors. Clotting factor concentrates can be purified from human donor blood or made in the laboratory using methods that do not use donor blood. This type of therapy is known as replacement therapy. Clotting factor replacement therapy is carried out by infusing the clotting factor concentrates into a vein, much like a blood transfusion. This type of therapy can be administered at home with proper instruction and training.Depending upon the severity of the condition, replacement therapy of the deficient clotting factor may be carried out on an as-needed basis (called demand therapy) or on a regular basis to prevent bleeding episodes (known as prophylactic therapy).People who have mild cases of hemophilia A are sometimes treated with the drug desmopressin, also known as DDAVP. This drug stimulates release of substances from platelets that help form the platelet plug. It is administered either slowly through the intravenous route (IV) or, occasionally, in nasal spray form.Pain relievers may be prescribed for symptom relief, but pain relievers other than aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (such as naproxen, ibuprofen) must be used, since these types of drugs further inhibit the blood's ability to clot. Acetaminophen (Tylenol and others) is often given for pain relief. | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 8 | 2018-04-02 17:23:23 | Inhibitors | A major complication of treatment is the development of so-called inhibitors to the clotting factors. Inhibitors (antibodies) are produced because the body sees the factor concentrates used to treat patients to reduce or prevent bleeding, as foreign and activates an immune response in the patient to destroy the foreign substances (factor VIII or factor IX). Inhibitors to factor VIII are the most common and occur in about one-third of those with severe hemophilia A and about 1 out of every 50 people with mild or moderate hemophilia A. They typically develop in childhood in those with severe hemophilia A and later in life in milder cases. Inhibitors destroy both the replacement factor VIII concentrates as well as any factor VIII that is present in the body. This is a serious complication of treatment because the factor concentrates are no longer effective in treating the condition. The action of inhibitors to destroy factor VIII concentrates shows different degrees of severity among individuals and can even vary over time in the same individual. In about two-thirds of cases, the inhibitors disappear on their own or with treatment known as immune tolerance therapy (ITT) or immune tolerance induction (ITI). In cases of severe hemophilia A with persistence of inhibitors, other factor concentrates, such as activated prothrombin complex concentrate or recombinant factor VIIa, are administered to attempt to help control bleeding. The development of inhibitors to factor IX is much less common and occurs in about 1% of those with hemophilia B. However, these can cause a very serious allergic reaction when factor IX concentrates are given. Immune tolerance therapy to eliminate inhibitors is less successful than with hemophilia A. | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 9 | 2018-04-02 17:23:23 | Infections | <ul> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Blood-borne infections, such as the HIV virus and hepatitis B and C, were a major complication of treatment for hemophilia during the 1980s. These infections were transmitted through the factor concentrates and other blood products that were used to treat hemophilia. The use of large blood donor pools to prepare factor concentrates and the lack of specific tests for infectious agents both contributed to the contamination of blood products used to treat hemophilia. By 1985, about 90% of people with severe hemophilia were infected with the HIV virus, and about half of all people with hemophilia were HIV-positive. Today, improved screening and manufacturing practices including virus removing techniques as well as the development of recombinant factors have essentially eliminated this tragic complication of treatment. | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 10 | 2018-04-02 17:23:23 | Can hemophilia be prevented? | Hemophilia is a genetic (inherited) disease and cannot be prevented. Genetic counseling, identification of carriers through molecular genetic testing, and prenatal diagnosis are available to help individuals understand their risk of having a child with hemophilia. | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 11 | 2018-04-02 17:23:23 | What is the outlook (prognosis) for hemophilia? | Before factor concentrates were developed, those with hemophilia had a significantly decreased life expectancy. Life expectancy before the 1960s for those with severe hemophilia was limited to 11 years. Currently, the mortality (death) rate for males with hemophilia is twice that of healthy males. As mentioned before, the increase in HIV and hepatitis infections associated with therapy during the 1980s led to a corresponding increase in death rates. Currently, prompt and adequate treatment can greatly reduce the risks of life-threatening bleeding episodes and the severity of long-term damage to joints, but joint deterioration remains a chronic complication of hemophilia. | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 12 | 2018-04-02 17:23:23 | What are possible future treatments for hemophilia? | Multiple trials and studies are underway to examine the possibility to use gene therapy to replace the defective genes in hemophilia. To date, stable and sustained production of the deficient clotting factors has not been achieved in humans, but this is an area of active investigation that holds great promise for the future. | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) | 1 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia) |
| 13 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | Hepatitis A facts* | *Hepatitis A facts medical author: Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD <ul> <li>Hepatitis A is an inflammatory disease of the liver caused by a virus.</li> <li>The liver stores nutrients and vitamins, helps digest foods, helps prevent infections, and helps remove harmful substances from blood.</li> <li>Hepatitis A viruses cause the disease termed hepatitis A</li> <li>People at higher risk to be infected with hepatitis A virus include those that use illegal drugs, men who have sex with men, people who live with individuals that have the disease, and people who travel to developing countries.</li> <li>Hepatitis A virus can be transmitted to others by contaminated stools (feces), foods prepared by an infected person, contaminated water, and close personal contact (for example, touching hands, sex), with an infected person but not by sneezing, cough, hugging (without skin contact) or by being near an infected person.</li> <li>Some young infected individuals may have no symptoms. In other infected individuals symptoms of hepatitis A may include flu-like symptoms such as tiredness, stomach discomfort, fever, decreased appetite, and diarrhea; light-colored stools; more specific symptoms include dark yellow urine, and jaundice (white of eyes and skin become yellowish).</li> <li>Hepatitis A is diagnosed by commonly available blood tests</li> <li>Hepatitis A resolves in most patients in a few weeks without treatment; a doctor may prescribe medications to reduce symptoms.</li> <li>Hepatitis A vaccine can help protect against the disease; two shots are required, but some protection begins even after the first shot; the shots do not protect individuals against other hepatitis-causing viruses (types B, C and others).</li> <li>Hepatitis A immune globulin may protect some people if administered shortly after initial exposure to the virus; research is ongoing to produce other treatments</li> </ul> | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 14 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | What is hepatitis A? | Hepatitis A is a virus, or infection, that causes liver disease and inflammation of the liver. Viruses can cause sickness. For example, the flu is caused by a virus. People can pass viruses to each other. Inflammation is swelling that occurs when tissues of the body become injured or infected. Inflammation can cause organs to not work properly. | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 15 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | What is the liver? | The liver is an organ that does many important things. You cannot live without a liver. The liver <ul> <li>removes harmful chemicals from your blood</li> <li>fights infection</li> <li>helps digest food</li> <li>stores nutrients and vitamins</li> <li>stores energy </li> </ul> Picture of the liver | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 16 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | Who gets hepatitis A? | Anyone can get hepatitis A, but those more likely to are people who <ul> <li>travel to developing countries</li> <li>live with someone who currently has an active hepatitis A infection</li> <li>use illegal drugs, including noninjection drugs</li> <li>have unprotected sex with an infected person</li> <li>provide child care</li> </ul> Also, men who have sex with men are more likely to get hepatitis A. | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 17 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | How could I get hepatitis A? | <ul> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> You could get hepatitis A through contact with an infected person's stool. This contact could occur by <ul> <li>eating food made by an infected person who didn't wash his or her hands after using the bathroom</li> <li>drinking untreated water or eating food washed in untreated water</li> <li>placing a finger or object in your mouth that came into contact with an infected person's stool</li> <li>having close personal contact with an infected person, such as through sex or caring for someone who is ill </li> <li>You cannot get hepatitis A from</li> <li>being coughed or sneezed on by an infected person</li> <li>sitting next to an infected person</li> <li>hugging an infected person</li> </ul> A baby cannot get hepatitis A from breast milk. | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 18 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | What are the symptoms of hepatitis A? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 2 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Most people do not have any symptoms of hepatitis A. If symptoms of hepatitis A occur, they include <ul> <li>feeling tired</li> <li>muscle soreness</li> <li>upset stomach</li> <li>fever</li> <li>loss of appetite</li> <li>stomach pain</li> <li>diarrhea</li> <li>dark-yellow urine</li> <li>light-colored stools</li> <li>yellowish eyes and skin, called jaundice</li> </ul> Symptoms of hepatitis A can occur 2 to 7 weeks after coming into contact with the virus. Children younger than age 6 may have no symptoms. Older children and adults often get mild, flulike symptoms. See a doctor right away if you or a child in your care has symptoms of hepatitis A. | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 19 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | How is hepatitis A diagnosed? | A blood test will show if you have hepatitis A. Blood tests are done at a doctor's office or outpatient facility. A blood sample is taken using a needle inserted into a vein in your arm or hand. The blood sample is sent to a lab to test for hepatitis A. | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 20 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | How is hepatitis A treated? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 1 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Hepatitis A usually gets better in a few weeks without treatment. However, some people can have symptoms for up to 6 months. Your doctor may suggest medicines to help relieve your symptoms. Talk with your doctor before taking prescription and over-the-counter medicines. See your doctor regularly to make sure your body has fully recovered. If symptoms persist after 6 months, then you should see your doctor again. When you recover, your body will have learned to fight off a future hepatitis A infection. However, you can still get other kinds of hepatitis. | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 21 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | How can I avoid getting hepatitis A? | <ul> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> You can avoid getting hepatitis A by receiving the hepatitis A vaccine. Vaccines are medicines that keep you from getting sick. Vaccines teach the body to attack specific viruses and infections. The hepatitis A vaccine teaches your body to attack the hepatitis A virus. The hepatitis A vaccine is given in two shots. The second shot is given 6 to 12 months after the first shot. You should get both hepatitis A vaccine shots to be fully protected. All children should be vaccinated between 12 and 23 months of age. Discuss the hepatitis A vaccine with your child's doctor. Adults at higher risk of getting hepatitis A and people with chronic liver disease should also be vaccinated. If you are traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common, including Mexico, try to get both shots before you go. If you don't have time to get both shots before you travel, get the first shot as soon as possible. Most people gain some protection within 2 weeks after the first shot. You can also protect yourself and others from hepatitis A if you <ul> <li>always wash your hands with warm, soapy water after using the toilet or changing diapers and before fixing food or eating</li> <li>use bottled water for drinking, making ice cubes, and washing fruits and vegetables when you are in a developing country</li> <li>tell your doctor and your dentist if you have hepatitis A | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 22 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | What should I do if I think I have been exposed to the hepatitis A virus? | See your doctor right away if you think you have been in contact with the hepatitis A virus. A dose of the hepatitis A vaccine or a medicine called hepatitis A immune globulin may protect you from getting sick if taken shortly after coming into contact with the hepatitis A virus. | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 23 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | Eating, Diet, and Nutrition | If you have hepatitis A, you should do things to take care of yourself, including eating a healthy diet. Avoid drinking alcohol, which can harm the liver. Talk with your doctor before taking vitamins and other supplements. | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 24 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | Hope through Research | The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) supports basic and clinical research into many digestive disorders, including hepatitis A. Researchers are studying new ways to prevent hepatitis A. Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. For information about current studies, visit www.ClinicalTrials.gov. | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 25 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | For More Information | American Liver Foundation 75 Maiden Lane, Suite 603 New York, NY 10038–4810 Phone: 1–800–GO–LIVER (1–800–465–4837) or 212–668–1000 Fax: 212–483–8179 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.liverfoundation.org Hepatitis Foundation International 504 Blick Drive Silver Spring, MD 20904–2901 Phone: 1–800–891–0707 or 301–622–4200 Fax: 301–622–4702 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.hepfi.org | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 26 | 2018-04-02 17:23:51 | Acknowledgments | Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. The NDDIC would like to thank the following individuals for providing scientific and editorial review or facilitating field-testing of the original version of this publication: Bruce Bacon, M.D. American Liver Foundation New York, NY Theo Heller, M.D. NIDDK, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD Luby Garza-Abijaoude, M.S., R.D., L.D. Texas Department of Health Austin, TX Thelma Thiel, R.N. Hepatitis Foundation International Cedar Grove, NJ | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) | 2 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A) |
| 27 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | Abdominal aortic aneurysm definition and facts | <ul><li>An aneurysm is an abnormal area of localized widening of a blood vessel.</li><li>The aorta bulges at the site of an aneurysm like a weak spot on a worn tire.</li><li>Aortic aneurysms are typically spindle-shaped and involve the aorta below the arteries to the kidneys.</li><li>The most common cause of an aneurysm is arteriosclerosis. Smoking is a major risk factor.</li><li>Abdominal aortic aneurysms often do not cause symptoms. If they do, they may cause deep boring pain in the lower back or flank. Prominent abdominal pulsations may be present.</li><li>X-rays of the abdomen and other radiologic tests including ultrasound, CT, and MRI may be used in diagnosing and monitoring the aneurysm.</li><li>Rupture of an aortic aneurysm is a catastrophe.</li><li>Repair of the aneurysm can be done by surgery or endovascular stenting.</li></ul> | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 28 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 51 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> An aneurysm is an area of a localized widening (dilation) of a blood vessel. The word "aneurysm" is borrowed from the Greek "aneurysma" meaning "a widening." An aortic aneurysm involves the aorta, the major artery that leaves the heart to supply blood to the body. An aortic aneurysm is a dilation or bulging of the aorta.Aortic aneurysms can develop anywhere along the length of the aorta but the majority are located in the abdominal aorta. Most of these abdominal aneurysms are located below the level of the renal arteries, the vessels that provide blood to the kidneys. Abdominal aortic aneurysms can extend into the iliac arteries.The inside walls of aneurysms are often lined with a blood clot that forms because there is stagnant blood. The wall of an aneurysm is layered, like a piece of plywood.What are the thoracic and abdominal aorta?The aorta is the large artery that exits the heart and delivers blood to the body. It begins at the aortic valve that separates the left ventricle of the heart from the aorta and prevents blood from leaking back into the heart after a contraction, when the heart pumps blood. The various sections of the aorta are named based upon the relation to the heart and the location in the body. Thus, the beginning of the aorta is referred to as the ascending aorta, followed by the arch of the aorta, then the descending aorta. The portion of the aorta that is located in the chest (thorax) is referred to as the thoracic aorta, while the abdominal aorta is located in the abdomen. The abdominal aorta extends from the diaphragm to the mid-abdomen where it splits into the iliac arteries that supply the legs with blood. | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 29 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | What are the symptoms of an abdominal aortic aneurysm? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 33 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Most abdominal aortic aneurysms produce no symptoms (they are asymptomatic) and are discovered incidentally when an imaging test of the abdomen (CT scan or ultrasound) is performed. They can also be detected by physical examination when the health care professional feels the abdomen and listens for a bruit, the sound made by turbulent blood flow.Pain is the most common symptom when the aneurysm expands or ruptures. It often begins in the central abdomen and radiates to the back or flank. Other symptoms can occur depending upon where the aneurysm is located in the aorta and whether nearby structures are affected.Abdominal aortic aneurysms can remain asymptomatic or produce minimal symptoms for years. However, a rapidly expanding abdominal aneurysm can cause sudden onset of severe, steady, and worsening middle abdominal and back or flank pain. Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm can be catastrophic, even lethal, and is associated with abdominal distension, a pulsating abdominal mass, and shock due to massive blood loss. | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 30 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | What is a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 13 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Threatened rupture of abdominal aneurysms is a surgical emergency. Once an aneurysm ruptures, 50% of those with the aneurysm die before they reach the hospital. The longer it takes to get to the operating room, the higher the mortality. | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 31 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | What are the causes of abdominal aortic aneurysms? | The most common cause of aortic aneurysms is "hardening of the arteries" called arteriosclerosis. A majority of aortic aneurysms are caused by arteriosclerosis. The arteriosclerosis can weaken the aortic wall and the increased pressure of the blood being pumped through the aorta causes weakness of the inner layer of the aortic wall.The aortic wall has three layers, the tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima. The layers add strength to the aorta as well as elasticity to tolerate changes in blood pressure. Chronically increased blood pressure causes the media layer to break down and leads to the continuous, slow dilation of the aorta.Smoking is a major cause of aortic aneurysm. Studies have shown that the rate of aortic aneurysm has fallen at the same rate as population smoking rates.Other causes of aortic aneurysms<ul><li>Genetic/hereditary: Genetics may play a role in developing an aortic aneurysm. The risk of having an aneurysm increases if a first-degree relative also has one. The aneurysm may present at a younger age and is also at a higher risk of rupture.</li><li>Genetic disease: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome are two connective tissue diseases that are associated with the development of aortic aneurysm. Abnormalities of the connective tissue in the layers of the aortic wall can contribute to weakness in sections of the aorta.</li><li>Post-trauma: Trauma can injure the aortic wall and cause immediate damage or it may cause an area of weakness that will form an aneurysm over time.</li><li>Arteritis: Inflammation of blood vessels as occurs in Takayasu disease, giant cell arteritis, and relapsing polychondritis can contribute to aneurysm.</li><li>Mycotic (fungal) infection: A mycotic or fungal infection may be associated with immunodeficiency, IV drug abuse, syphilis, and heart valve surgery.</li></ul> | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 32 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | What size are most abdominal aortic aneurysms? | Most aortic aneurysms are fusiform. They are shaped like a spindle ("fusus" means spindle in Latin) with widening all around the circumference of the aorta. (Saccular aneurysms just involve a portion of the aortic wall with a localized out pocketing). | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 33 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | Who gets abdominal aortic aneurysms? Are they genetic? | Abdominal aortic aneurysms tend to occur in white males over the age of 60. In the United States, these aneurysms occur in up to 3.0% of the population. Aneurysms start to form at about age 50 and peak at age 80. Women are less likely to have aneurysms than men and African Americans are less likely to have aneurysms than Caucasians.There is a genetic component that predisposes one to developing an aneurysm; the prevalence in someone who has a first-degree relative with the condition can be as high as 25%.Collagen vascular diseases that can weaken the tissues of the aortic walls are also associated with aortic aneurysms. These diseases include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 34 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | What are risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms? | The risk factors for aortic aneurysm are the same as those for atherosclerotic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease and include:<ul><li>Cigarette smoking: This not only increases the risk of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm, but also increases the risk of aneurysm rupture. Aortic rupture is a life-threatening event where blood escapes the aorta and the patient can quickly bleed to death.</li><li>High blood pressure</li><li>Elevated blood cholesterol levels</li><li>Diabetes mellitus</li></ul> | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 35 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | How are abdominal aortic aneurysms diagnosed? | Physical examination can be the initial way the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm is made. The health care professional may be able to feel a pulsatile mass in the center of the abdomen and make the clinical diagnosis. In obese patients with a large girth, physical exam is less helpful. In very thin patients, the aorta can often be seen to pulsate under the skin and this may be a normal finding. Listening with a stethoscope may also reveal a bruit or abnormal sound from turbulence of blood within the aneurysm.In most cases, X-rays of the abdomen show calcium deposits in the aneurysm wall. But plain X-rays of the abdomen cannot determine the size and the extent of the aneurysm.Ultrasonography usually gives a clear picture of the size of an aneurysm. Ultrasound has about 98% accuracy in measuring the size of the aneurysm and is safe and noninvasive.CT scan of the abdomen is highly accurate in determining the size and extent of the aneurysm and its location in the aorta. To help plan repair, if needed, it is important to know whether the aneurysm is above or below where the renal arteries branch off to go to the kidneys and whether the aneurysm extends towards the chest or down into the iliac arteries into the legs. CT scans require dye to be injected to evaluate the blood vessels (including the aorta). People with kidney disease or dye allergies may not be candidates for CT. MRI/MRA (magnetic resonance imaging and arteriography) may be an alternative.An aortogram, an X-ray study where dye is directly injected into the aorta, was the test of choice, but CT and MRI have taken its place. | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 36 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | What is the treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms? | Abdominal aortic aneurysms gradually expand over time. The larger the aneurysm, the greater the risk of rupture and death. Small aneurysms can be observed and followed with repeated ultrasounds or other imaging.Guidelines for following an aneurysm are as follows:<ul><li>A normal aorta measures up to 1.7 cm in a male and 1.5 cm in a female.</li><li>Aneurysms that are found incidentally or by accident that are less than 3.0 cm do not need to be re-evaluated or followed.</li><li>Aneurysms measuring 3.0 to 4.0 cm should be rechecked by ultrasound every year to monitor for potential enlargement and dilation.</li><li>Aneurysms measuring 4.0 to 4.5 cm should be monitored every 6 months by ultrasound.</li><li>Aneurysms measuring greater than 4.5 cm should be evaluated by a surgeon for potential repair.</li></ul> | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 37 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | What is abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 11 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Each patient is different and the decision to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm depends upon the size of the aneurysm, the age of the patient, underlying medical conditions, and life expectancy.There are two approaches for repair:<ul><li>The first is the traditional surgical approach. A large incision is made in the abdomen, the aortic aneurysm is identified and cut out or resected. The missing piece of aorta is replaced with a synthetic graft.</li><li>The second approach is placing an endovascular graft. A catheter or tube is threaded into the femoral artery in the groin and the graft is positioned so that it spans and sits inside the aneurysm and protects it from expanding (endovascular: endo = inside + vascular = blood vessel).</li></ul>The approach to treatment needs to be tailored to the individual patient and very much depends upon the location, size, and shape of the aneurysm. | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 38 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | What is the nonsurgical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm? | Once an aneurysm is detected, the goal is to try to prevent it from enlarging. Life-long control of risk factors is a must and includes the following:<ul><li>Stopping cigarette smoking.</li><li>Controlling high blood pressure: Beta blocker medications may be used to control both blood pressure and to decrease the pressure within the aneurysm.</li><li>Controlling blood cholesterol.</li><li>Keeping diabetes under control.</li><li>Routine monitoring of the size of the aneurysm:<ul><li>A normal aorta measures up to 1.7 cm in a male and 1.5 cm in a female.</li><li>Aneurysms that are found incidentally or by accident that are less than 3.0 cm do not need to be re-evaluated or followed.</li><li>Aneurysms measuring 3.0 to 4.0 cm should be rechecked by ultrasound every year to monitor for potential enlargement and dilation.</li><li>Aneurysms measuring 4.0 to 4.5 cm should be monitored every 6 months by ultrasound.</li><li>Aneurysms measuring greater than 4.5 cm should be evaluated by a surgeon for potential repair.</li></ul></li></ul> | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 39 | 2018-04-02 17:23:54 | What are the complications with an abdominal aortic aneurysm? | An aortic aneurysm can leak causing an increase in the patient's abdominal pain. When pain is felt in the back or flank, the symptoms can be misdiagnosed as a kidney stone. If the diagnosis is missed or if the patient does not present for care, the aneurysm can burst or rupture causing potential catastrophe and death.Since aneurysms are associated with atherosclerosis and plaque along the aortic wall and since aneurysms often contain a clot, debris can travel, or embolize, into smaller blood vessels and cause symptoms due to decreased blood flow.Aneurysms can rarely become infected. | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) | 3 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm) |
| 40 | 2018-04-02 17:24:05 | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency definition and facts* | *Facts medically reviewed by Charles P. Patrick, MD, PhD<ul><li>Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD, antitrypsin deficiency, or alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency) is a disorder (disease) that causes the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein to be reduced or missing from the blood. This protein is necessary for healthy lungs, and the body uses it to protect the lungs from damage. If a person has low or no levels of AAT their lungs may be damaged.</li><li>Statistically, the disorder affects about one in 1500 to 3500 individuals with European ancestry. It is uncommon in Asians.</li><li>The signs and symptoms most people experience with this deficiency are:<ul><li>Chronic cough</li><li>Emphysema</li><li>COPD</li><li>Liver failure</li><li>Hepatitis</li><li>Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)</li><li>Jaundice</li><li>Cirrhosis</li></ul></li><li>Mutations in the gene termed SERPNA1 cause alpha –1 antitrypsin deficiency.</li><li>A patient with lung or liver disease like COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) with no obvious cause maybe AATD deficient.</li><li>Doctors can confirm the diagnosis of this deficiency with blood tests or liver biopsy.</li><li>How doctors treat AATD depends on the patient’s signs and symptoms. Examples of treatments include:</li><li>Bronchodilators and inhaled steroids can help lung problems.</li><li>Intravenous use of purified human ATT (Prolastin) raise the level of ATT in the blood and lungs (augmentation therapy) - end stage lung and liver disease may need transplantation of these organs as a definitive treatment.</li><li>Management of AATD involves pulmonary function tests, liver function monitoring and yearly vaccinations against influenza. Moreover, doctors recommend that patient’s with the deficiency be vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and pneumococcus.<ul><li>Stop smoking or reduce exposure to secondhand smoke.</li><li>Reduce exposure to environmental pollutants.</li></ul></li><li>The prognosis for someone with this problem is quite variable, and is related to the development and progression of severity of the symptoms. However, many people have a somewhat shortened lifespan. If the symptoms are severe, the prognosis can be very poor.</li><li>Medical professionals refer to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.<ul><li>AAT</li><li>AATD</li><li>Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor</li><li>Alpha-1 related emphysema</li><li>Genetic emphysema</li><li>Hereditary pulmonary emphysema</li><li>Inherited emphysema</li></ul></li></ul> | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 41 | 2018-04-02 17:24:05 | What is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD)? | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a disorder that causes a deficiency or absence of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein in the blood. AAT is made in the liver and sent through the bloodstream to the lungs, to protect the lungs from damage. Having low levels of ATT (or no ATT) can allow the lungs to become damaged, making breathing hard. Age of onset and severity of AATD can vary based on how much ATT an affected person is missing. In adults, symptoms may include shortness of breath; reduced ability to exercise; wheezing; respiratory infections; fatigue; vision problems; and weight loss. Some people have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Liver disease (cirrhosis) may occur in affected children or adults. Rarely, AATD can cause a skin condition called panniculitis.[1] AATD is caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene and is inherited in a codominant manner.[2] Treatment is based on each person's symptoms and may include bronchodilators; antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections; intravenous therapy of AAT; and/or lung transplantation in severe cases.[1][3] | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 42 | 2018-04-02 17:24:05 | Chart of signs and symptoms of lung and liver disease caused by AATD | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 11 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) provides the following list of features that have been reported in people with this condition. Much of the information in the HPO comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. If available, the list includes a rough estimate of how common a feature is (its frequency). Frequencies are based on a specific study and may not be representative of all studies.Signs and Symptoms of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin DeficiencySigns and SymptomsApproximate number of patients (when available)EmphysemaVery frequent (present in 80%-90% of cases)Hepatic failure (liver failure)Very frequent (present in 80%-90% of cases)Hepatitis (liver inflammation or infection)Frequent (present in 30%-79% of cases)An abnormally enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)Frequent (present in 30%-79% of cases)Jaundice (signs of a liver problem)Frequent (present in 30%-79% of cases)Cirrhosis (a complication of liver disease)Occasional (present in 5%-29% of cases)Autosomal recessive inheritanceCOPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)Shortness of breath (Dyspnea)Elevated hepatic transaminasesLiver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 43 | 2018-04-02 17:24:05 | How common is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency? | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency occurs worldwide, but its prevalence varies by population. This disorder affects about 1 in 1,500 to 3,500 individuals with European ancestry. It is uncommon in people of Asian descent. Many individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are likely undiagnosed, particularly people with a lung condition called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD can be caused by alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency; however, the alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is often never diagnosed. Some people with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are misdiagnosed with asthma. | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 44 | 2018-04-02 17:24:05 | What gene mutations cause alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 2 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Mutations in the SERPINA1 gene cause alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.The SERPINA1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called alpha-1 antitrypsin. This protein protects the body from being damaged by a powerful enzyme called neutrophil elastase. Neutrophil elastase is released from white blood cells to fight infection, but it can attack normal tissues (such as lung tissue) if not carefully controlled by alpha-1 antitrypsin. Mutations in the SERPINA1 gene can lead to a shortage (deficiency) of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein or an abnormal form of the protein that cannot control neutrophil elastase. Uncontrolled, neutrophil elastase destroys alveoli, which can lead to emphysema. The abnormal form of alpha-1 antitrypsin can also accumulate in the liver and may damage this organ. | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 45 | 2018-04-02 17:24:05 | What tests diagnose AATD? | AATD may first be suspected in people with evidence of liver disease at any age, or lung disease (such as emphysema), especially when there is no obvious cause or it is diagnosed at a younger age.Confirming the diagnosis involves a blood test showing a low serum concentration of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein, and either:<ul><li>detecting a functionally deficient AAT protein variant by isoelectric focusing (a method for detecting mutations); or</li><li>detecting SERPINA1 gene mutations on both copies of the gene with molecular genetic testing. (This confirms the diagnosis when the above-mentioned tests are not performed or their results are not in agreement.)[3]</li></ul>Specialists involved in the diagnosis may include primary care doctors, pulmonologists (lung specialists), and/or hepatologists (liver specialists).[4] | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 46 | 2018-04-02 17:24:05 | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency treatment and management guidelines | Treatment of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) depends on the symptoms and severity in each person. COPD and other related lung diseases are typically treated with standard therapy.[3][4] Bronchodilators and inhaled steroids can help open the airways and make breathing easier.[4]Intravenous augmentation therapy (regular infusion of purified, human AAT to increase AAT concentrations) has been recommended for people with established fixed airflow obstruction (determined by a specific lung function test).[3] This therapy raises the level of the AAT protein in the blood and lungs.[4]Lung transplantation may be an appropriate option for people with end-stage lung disease. Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for advanced liver disease.[3]When present, panniculitis may resolve on its own or after dapsone or doxycycline therapy. When this therapy does not help, it has responded to intravenous augmentation therapy in higher than usual doses.[3]All people with severe AATD should have pulmonary function tests every 6 to 12 months. Those with ATT serum concentrations 10% to 20% of normal should have periodic evaluation of liver function to detect liver disease. People with established liver disease should have periodic ultrasounds of the liver to monitor for fibrotic changes and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma).[3]Yearly vaccinations against influenza and pneumococcus are recommended to lessen the progression of lung disease. Vaccination against hepatitis A and B is recommended to lessen the risk of liver disease. People with AATD should avoid smoking and occupations with exposure to environmental pollutants.[3]Parents, older and younger siblings, and children of a person with severe AATD should be evaluated to identify as early as possible those who would benefit from treatment and preventive measures.[3]Management guidelines<ul><li>GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions.</li><li>Orphanet Emergency Guidelines is an article which is expert-authored and peer-reviewed that is intended to guide health care professionals in emergency situations involving this condition</li></ul> | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 47 | 2018-04-02 17:24:05 | FDA approved treatment medications for AATD | The medication(s) listed below have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as orphan products for treatment of this condition.Alpha1-Proteinase Inhibitor (Human) (Brand name: Prolastin) - Manufactured by Grifols United States: FDA-approved indication: For chronic replacement therapy of individuals having congenital deficiency of alpha1- proteinase inhibitor with clinically demonstrable panacinar emphysema. | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 48 | 2018-04-02 17:24:05 | What's the prognosis and life expectancy for a person with AATD? | The prognosis of a genetic condition includes its likely course, duration, and outcome. When health professionals refer to the prognosis of a disease, they may also mean the chance of recovery; however, most genetic conditions are life-long and are managed rather than cured.Disease prognosis has multiple aspects, including:<ul><li>How long a person with the disorder is likely to live (life expectancy)</li><li>Whether the signs and symptoms worsen (and how quickly) or are stable over time</li><li>Quality of life, such as independence in daily activities</li><li>Potential for complications and associated health</li></ul>The prognosis of a genetic condition depends on many factors, including the specific diagnosis and an individual's particular signs and symptoms. Sometimes the associated genetic change, if known, can also give clues to the prognosis. Additionally, the course and outcome of a condition depends on the availability and effectiveness of treatment and management approaches. The prognosis of very rare diseases can be difficult to predict because so few affected individuals have been identified. Prognosis may also be difficult or impossible to establish if a person's diagnosis is unknown.The prognoses of genetic disorders vary widely, often even among people with the same condition. Some genetic disorders cause physical and developmental problems that are so severe they are incompatible with life. These conditions may cause a miscarriage of an affected embryo or fetus, or an affected infant may be stillborn or die shortly after birth. People with less severe genetic conditions may live into childhood or adulthood but have a shortened lifespan due to health problems related to their disorder. Genetic conditions with a milder course may be associated with a normal lifespan and few related health issues.The prognosis of a disease is based on probability, which means that it is likely but not certain that the disorder will follow a particular course. Your healthcare provider is the best resource for information about the prognosis of your specific genetic condition. He or she can assess your medical history and signs and symptoms to give you the most accurate estimate of your prognosis. | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 49 | 2018-04-02 17:24:05 | Where can I find information about treatment for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 7 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> These resources address the management of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and may include treatment providers.<ul><li>Gene Review: Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 4 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 50 | 2018-04-02 17:24:15 | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency definition and facts* | *Facts medically reviewed by Charles P. Patrick, MD, PhD<ul><li>Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD, antitrypsin deficiency, or alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency) is a disorder (disease) that causes the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein to be reduced or missing from the blood. This protein is necessary for healthy lungs, and the body uses it to protect the lungs from damage. If a person has low or no levels of AAT their lungs may be damaged.</li><li>Statistically, the disorder affects about one in 1500 to 3500 individuals with European ancestry. It is uncommon in Asians.</li><li>The signs and symptoms most people experience with this deficiency are:<ul><li>Chronic cough</li><li>Emphysema</li><li>COPD</li><li>Liver failure</li><li>Hepatitis</li><li>Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)</li><li>Jaundice</li><li>Cirrhosis</li></ul></li><li>Mutations in the gene termed SERPNA1 cause alpha –1 antitrypsin deficiency.</li><li>A patient with lung or liver disease like COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) with no obvious cause maybe AATD deficient.</li><li>Doctors can confirm the diagnosis of this deficiency with blood tests or liver biopsy.</li><li>How doctors treat AATD depends on the patient’s signs and symptoms. Examples of treatments include:</li><li>Bronchodilators and inhaled steroids can help lung problems.</li><li>Intravenous use of purified human ATT (Prolastin) raise the level of ATT in the blood and lungs (augmentation therapy) - end stage lung and liver disease may need transplantation of these organs as a definitive treatment.</li><li>Management of AATD involves pulmonary function tests, liver function monitoring and yearly vaccinations against influenza. Moreover, doctors recommend that patient’s with the deficiency be vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and pneumococcus.<ul><li>Stop smoking or reduce exposure to secondhand smoke.</li><li>Reduce exposure to environmental pollutants.</li></ul></li><li>The prognosis for someone with this problem is quite variable, and is related to the development and progression of severity of the symptoms. However, many people have a somewhat shortened lifespan. If the symptoms are severe, the prognosis can be very poor.</li><li>Medical professionals refer to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.<ul><li>AAT</li><li>AATD</li><li>Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor</li><li>Alpha-1 related emphysema</li><li>Genetic emphysema</li><li>Hereditary pulmonary emphysema</li><li>Inherited emphysema</li></ul></li></ul> | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 51 | 2018-04-02 17:24:15 | What is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD)? | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a disorder that causes a deficiency or absence of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein in the blood. AAT is made in the liver and sent through the bloodstream to the lungs, to protect the lungs from damage. Having low levels of ATT (or no ATT) can allow the lungs to become damaged, making breathing hard. Age of onset and severity of AATD can vary based on how much ATT an affected person is missing. In adults, symptoms may include shortness of breath; reduced ability to exercise; wheezing; respiratory infections; fatigue; vision problems; and weight loss. Some people have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Liver disease (cirrhosis) may occur in affected children or adults. Rarely, AATD can cause a skin condition called panniculitis.[1] AATD is caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene and is inherited in a codominant manner.[2] Treatment is based on each person's symptoms and may include bronchodilators; antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections; intravenous therapy of AAT; and/or lung transplantation in severe cases.[1][3] | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 52 | 2018-04-02 17:24:15 | Chart of signs and symptoms of lung and liver disease caused by AATD | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 11 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) provides the following list of features that have been reported in people with this condition. Much of the information in the HPO comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. If available, the list includes a rough estimate of how common a feature is (its frequency). Frequencies are based on a specific study and may not be representative of all studies.Signs and Symptoms of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin DeficiencySigns and SymptomsApproximate number of patients (when available)EmphysemaVery frequent (present in 80%-90% of cases)Hepatic failure (liver failure)Very frequent (present in 80%-90% of cases)Hepatitis (liver inflammation or infection)Frequent (present in 30%-79% of cases)An abnormally enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)Frequent (present in 30%-79% of cases)Jaundice (signs of a liver problem)Frequent (present in 30%-79% of cases)Cirrhosis (a complication of liver disease)Occasional (present in 5%-29% of cases)Autosomal recessive inheritanceCOPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)Shortness of breath (Dyspnea)Elevated hepatic transaminasesLiver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 53 | 2018-04-02 17:24:15 | How common is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency? | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency occurs worldwide, but its prevalence varies by population. This disorder affects about 1 in 1,500 to 3,500 individuals with European ancestry. It is uncommon in people of Asian descent. Many individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are likely undiagnosed, particularly people with a lung condition called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD can be caused by alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency; however, the alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is often never diagnosed. Some people with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are misdiagnosed with asthma. | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 54 | 2018-04-02 17:24:15 | What gene mutations cause alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 2 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Mutations in the SERPINA1 gene cause alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.The SERPINA1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called alpha-1 antitrypsin. This protein protects the body from being damaged by a powerful enzyme called neutrophil elastase. Neutrophil elastase is released from white blood cells to fight infection, but it can attack normal tissues (such as lung tissue) if not carefully controlled by alpha-1 antitrypsin. Mutations in the SERPINA1 gene can lead to a shortage (deficiency) of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein or an abnormal form of the protein that cannot control neutrophil elastase. Uncontrolled, neutrophil elastase destroys alveoli, which can lead to emphysema. The abnormal form of alpha-1 antitrypsin can also accumulate in the liver and may damage this organ. | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 55 | 2018-04-02 17:24:15 | What tests diagnose AATD? | AATD may first be suspected in people with evidence of liver disease at any age, or lung disease (such as emphysema), especially when there is no obvious cause or it is diagnosed at a younger age.Confirming the diagnosis involves a blood test showing a low serum concentration of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein, and either:<ul><li>detecting a functionally deficient AAT protein variant by isoelectric focusing (a method for detecting mutations); or</li><li>detecting SERPINA1 gene mutations on both copies of the gene with molecular genetic testing. (This confirms the diagnosis when the above-mentioned tests are not performed or their results are not in agreement.)[3]</li></ul>Specialists involved in the diagnosis may include primary care doctors, pulmonologists (lung specialists), and/or hepatologists (liver specialists).[4] | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 56 | 2018-04-02 17:24:15 | Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency treatment and management guidelines | Treatment of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) depends on the symptoms and severity in each person. COPD and other related lung diseases are typically treated with standard therapy.[3][4] Bronchodilators and inhaled steroids can help open the airways and make breathing easier.[4]Intravenous augmentation therapy (regular infusion of purified, human AAT to increase AAT concentrations) has been recommended for people with established fixed airflow obstruction (determined by a specific lung function test).[3] This therapy raises the level of the AAT protein in the blood and lungs.[4]Lung transplantation may be an appropriate option for people with end-stage lung disease. Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for advanced liver disease.[3]When present, panniculitis may resolve on its own or after dapsone or doxycycline therapy. When this therapy does not help, it has responded to intravenous augmentation therapy in higher than usual doses.[3]All people with severe AATD should have pulmonary function tests every 6 to 12 months. Those with ATT serum concentrations 10% to 20% of normal should have periodic evaluation of liver function to detect liver disease. People with established liver disease should have periodic ultrasounds of the liver to monitor for fibrotic changes and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma).[3]Yearly vaccinations against influenza and pneumococcus are recommended to lessen the progression of lung disease. Vaccination against hepatitis A and B is recommended to lessen the risk of liver disease. People with AATD should avoid smoking and occupations with exposure to environmental pollutants.[3]Parents, older and younger siblings, and children of a person with severe AATD should be evaluated to identify as early as possible those who would benefit from treatment and preventive measures.[3]Management guidelines<ul><li>GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions.</li><li>Orphanet Emergency Guidelines is an article which is expert-authored and peer-reviewed that is intended to guide health care professionals in emergency situations involving this condition</li></ul> | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 57 | 2018-04-02 17:24:15 | FDA approved treatment medications for AATD | The medication(s) listed below have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as orphan products for treatment of this condition.Alpha1-Proteinase Inhibitor (Human) (Brand name: Prolastin) - Manufactured by Grifols United States: FDA-approved indication: For chronic replacement therapy of individuals having congenital deficiency of alpha1- proteinase inhibitor with clinically demonstrable panacinar emphysema. | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 58 | 2018-04-02 17:24:15 | What's the prognosis and life expectancy for a person with AATD? | The prognosis of a genetic condition includes its likely course, duration, and outcome. When health professionals refer to the prognosis of a disease, they may also mean the chance of recovery; however, most genetic conditions are life-long and are managed rather than cured.Disease prognosis has multiple aspects, including:<ul><li>How long a person with the disorder is likely to live (life expectancy)</li><li>Whether the signs and symptoms worsen (and how quickly) or are stable over time</li><li>Quality of life, such as independence in daily activities</li><li>Potential for complications and associated health</li></ul>The prognosis of a genetic condition depends on many factors, including the specific diagnosis and an individual's particular signs and symptoms. Sometimes the associated genetic change, if known, can also give clues to the prognosis. Additionally, the course and outcome of a condition depends on the availability and effectiveness of treatment and management approaches. The prognosis of very rare diseases can be difficult to predict because so few affected individuals have been identified. Prognosis may also be difficult or impossible to establish if a person's diagnosis is unknown.The prognoses of genetic disorders vary widely, often even among people with the same condition. Some genetic disorders cause physical and developmental problems that are so severe they are incompatible with life. These conditions may cause a miscarriage of an affected embryo or fetus, or an affected infant may be stillborn or die shortly after birth. People with less severe genetic conditions may live into childhood or adulthood but have a shortened lifespan due to health problems related to their disorder. Genetic conditions with a milder course may be associated with a normal lifespan and few related health issues.The prognosis of a disease is based on probability, which means that it is likely but not certain that the disorder will follow a particular course. Your healthcare provider is the best resource for information about the prognosis of your specific genetic condition. He or she can assess your medical history and signs and symptoms to give you the most accurate estimate of your prognosis. | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 59 | 2018-04-02 17:24:15 | Where can I find information about treatment for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 7 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> These resources address the management of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and may include treatment providers.<ul><li>Gene Review: Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) | 5 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency) |
| 60 | 2018-04-02 17:24:23 | Abdominal adhesions facts* | *Abdominal adhesions facts Medically Edited by: William C. Shiel, Jr., MD, FACP, FACR <ul> <li>Abdominal adhesions are bands of scar tissue that form between abdominal tissues and organs, causing them to stick together.</li> <li>Symptoms caused by abdominal adhesions vary; however, most adhesions do not cause symptoms. </li> <li>Typical symptoms caused by abdominal adhesions include abdominal discomfort around the belly button that is cramp-like followed by distention of the abdomen. Symptoms may become intense with obstruction.</li> <li>Abdominal surgery is the most frequent cause of abdominal adhesions. Other causes of abdominal adhesions include inflammation of an organ such as cholecystitis or appendicitis, peritonitis, foreign objects left inside the abdomen at the time of surgery, bleeding into the peritoneal cavity, or inflammatory conditions such as pelvic inflammatory disease.</li> <li>At the sites of where abdominal adhesions occur, the intestine can twist on itself, and the twisting may obstruct the normal movement of its contents (particularly in the small intestine).</li> <li>Abdominal adhesions that cause a complete intestinal obstruction may be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention and often surgery.</li> <li>Abdominal adhesions can cause female infertility by preventing fertilized eggs from reaching the uterus, where fetal development takes place.</li> <li>No tests are available to diagnose adhesions, and adhesions cannot be seen through imaging techniques such as X-rays or ultrasound.</li> <li>An intestinal obstruction can be seen through abdominal X-rays, barium contrast studies (lower or upper GI series), and computerized tomography (CT).</li> <li>The treatment for abdominal adhesions is either laparoscopic surgery or open surgery whereby the adhesions are cut by scalpel or electric current. | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) | 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) |
| 61 | 2018-04-02 17:24:23 | What are abdominal adhesions? | Abdominal adhesions are bands of tissue that form between abdominal tissues and organs. these vary from a consistency of wet tissue paper, which are of little significance, to a strong, fibrous band that can readily cause obstruction. Normally, internal tissues and organs have slippery surfaces, which allow them to shift easily as the body moves. Adhesions cause tissues and organs to stick together. Picture of the organs and glands in the abodmen The intestines are part of the digestive system. Abdominal adhesions can cause an intestinal obstruction. Although most adhesions cause no symptoms or problems, others cause chronic abdominal or pelvic pain. Adhesions are also a major cause of intestinal obstruction and female infertility. | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) | 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) |
| 62 | 2018-04-02 17:24:23 | What causes abdominal adhesions? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 29 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Abdominal surgery is the most frequent cause of abdominal adhesions. Almost everyone who undergoes abdominal surgery develops adhesions; however, the risk is greater after operations on the lower abdomen and pelvis, including bowel and gynecological surgeries. Adhesions can become larger and tighter as time passes, causing problems years after surgery. Surgery-induced causes of abdominal adhesions include <ul> <li>tissue incisions, especially those involving internal organs</li> <li>the handling of internal organs</li> <li>the drying out of internal organs and tissues</li> <li>contact of internal tissues with foreign materials, such as gauze, surgical gloves, and stitches</li> <li>blood or blood clots that were not rinsed out during surgery</li> </ul> A less common cause of abdominal adhesions is inflammation from sources not related to surgery, including <ul> <li>appendicitis - in particular, appendix rupture</li> <li>radiation treatment for cancer</li> <li>gynecological infections</li> <li>abdominal infections</li> </ul> Rarely, abdominal adhesions form without apparent cause. | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) | 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) |
| 63 | 2018-04-02 17:24:23 | How can abdominal adhesions cause intestinal obstruction? | Abdominal adhesions can kink, twist, or pull the intestines out of place, causing an intestinal obstruction. An intestinal obstruction partially or completely restricts the movement of food or stool through the intestines. A complete intestinal obstruction is life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention and often surgery. | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) | 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) |
| 64 | 2018-04-02 17:24:23 | How can abdominal adhesions cause female infertility? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 5 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Abdominal adhesions cause female infertility by preventing fertilized eggs from reaching the uterus, where fetal development takes place. Adhesions can kink, twist, or pull out of place the fallopian tubes, which carry eggs from the ovaries - where eggs are stored and released - to the uterus. | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) | 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) |
| 65 | 2018-04-02 17:24:23 | What are the symptoms of abdominal adhesions? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 25 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Although most abdominal adhesions go unnoticed, the most common symptom is chronic abdominal or pelvic pain. The pain often mimics that of other conditions, including appendicitis, endometriosis, and diverticulitis. | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) | 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) |
| 66 | 2018-04-02 17:24:23 | What are the symptoms of an intestinal obstruction? | Symptoms of an intestinal obstruction include <ul> <li>severe abdominal pain, nausea, or cramping</li> <li>vomiting</li> <li>bloating</li> <li>loud bowel sounds</li> <li>swelling of the abdomen</li> <li>inability to pass gas</li> <li>constipation</li> </ul> A person with these symptoms should seek medical attention immediately. | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) | 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) |
| 67 | 2018-04-02 17:24:23 | How are abdominal adhesions and intestinal obstructions diagnosed? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 7 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> No tests are available to diagnose adhesions, and adhesions cannot be seen through imaging techniques such as X-rays or ultrasound. Most adhesions are found during exploratory surgery. An intestinal obstruction, however, can be seen through abdominal X-rays, barium contrast studies - also called a lower GI series - and computerized tomography. | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) | 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) |
| 68 | 2018-04-02 17:24:23 | How are abdominal adhesions and intestinal obstructions treated? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 11 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Treatment for abdominal adhesions is usually not necessary, as most do not cause problems. Surgery is currently the only way to break adhesions that cause pain, intestinal obstruction, or fertility problems. More surgery, however, carries the risk of additional adhesions and is avoided when possible. A complete intestinal obstruction usually requires immediate surgery. A partial obstruction can sometimes be relieved with a liquid or low-residue diet. A low-residue diet is high in dairy products, low in fiber, and more easily broken down into smaller particles by the digestive system. | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) | 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) |
| 69 | 2018-04-02 17:24:23 | Can abdominal adhesions be prevented? | Abdominal adhesions are difficult to prevent. However, careful, gentle, surgical techniques can minimize the formation of adhesions. Laparoscopic surgery avoids opening up the abdomen with a large incision. Instead, the abdomen is inflated with gas (carbon dioxide) while special surgical tools and a video camera are threaded through a few, small abdominal incisions. Inflating the abdomen gives the surgeon room to operate. If a large abdominal incision is required, a special filmlike material (Seprafilm) can be inserted between organs or between the organs and the abdominal incision at the end of surgery. The filmlike material, which looks similar to wax paper, is absorbed by the body in about a week and tends to minimize adhesion formation. Other steps during surgery to reduce adhesion formation include using starch- and latex-free gloves, handling tissues and organs gently, shortening surgery time, and not allowing tissues to dry out. | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) | 6 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue) |
| 70 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | Abdominal aortic aneurysm definition and facts | <ul><li>An aneurysm is an abnormal area of localized widening of a blood vessel.</li><li>The aorta bulges at the site of an aneurysm like a weak spot on a worn tire.</li><li>Aortic aneurysms are typically spindle-shaped and involve the aorta below the arteries to the kidneys.</li><li>The most common cause of an aneurysm is arteriosclerosis. Smoking is a major risk factor.</li><li>Abdominal aortic aneurysms often do not cause symptoms. If they do, they may cause deep boring pain in the lower back or flank. Prominent abdominal pulsations may be present.</li><li>X-rays of the abdomen and other radiologic tests including ultrasound, CT, and MRI may be used in diagnosing and monitoring the aneurysm.</li><li>Rupture of an aortic aneurysm is a catastrophe.</li><li>Repair of the aneurysm can be done by surgery or endovascular stenting.</li></ul> | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 71 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 51 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> An aneurysm is an area of a localized widening (dilation) of a blood vessel. The word "aneurysm" is borrowed from the Greek "aneurysma" meaning "a widening." An aortic aneurysm involves the aorta, the major artery that leaves the heart to supply blood to the body. An aortic aneurysm is a dilation or bulging of the aorta.Aortic aneurysms can develop anywhere along the length of the aorta but the majority are located in the abdominal aorta. Most of these abdominal aneurysms are located below the level of the renal arteries, the vessels that provide blood to the kidneys. Abdominal aortic aneurysms can extend into the iliac arteries.The inside walls of aneurysms are often lined with a blood clot that forms because there is stagnant blood. The wall of an aneurysm is layered, like a piece of plywood.What are the thoracic and abdominal aorta?The aorta is the large artery that exits the heart and delivers blood to the body. It begins at the aortic valve that separates the left ventricle of the heart from the aorta and prevents blood from leaking back into the heart after a contraction, when the heart pumps blood. The various sections of the aorta are named based upon the relation to the heart and the location in the body. Thus, the beginning of the aorta is referred to as the ascending aorta, followed by the arch of the aorta, then the descending aorta. The portion of the aorta that is located in the chest (thorax) is referred to as the thoracic aorta, while the abdominal aorta is located in the abdomen. The abdominal aorta extends from the diaphragm to the mid-abdomen where it splits into the iliac arteries that supply the legs with blood. | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 72 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | What are the symptoms of an abdominal aortic aneurysm? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 33 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Most abdominal aortic aneurysms produce no symptoms (they are asymptomatic) and are discovered incidentally when an imaging test of the abdomen (CT scan or ultrasound) is performed. They can also be detected by physical examination when the health care professional feels the abdomen and listens for a bruit, the sound made by turbulent blood flow.Pain is the most common symptom when the aneurysm expands or ruptures. It often begins in the central abdomen and radiates to the back or flank. Other symptoms can occur depending upon where the aneurysm is located in the aorta and whether nearby structures are affected.Abdominal aortic aneurysms can remain asymptomatic or produce minimal symptoms for years. However, a rapidly expanding abdominal aneurysm can cause sudden onset of severe, steady, and worsening middle abdominal and back or flank pain. Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm can be catastrophic, even lethal, and is associated with abdominal distension, a pulsating abdominal mass, and shock due to massive blood loss. | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 73 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | What is a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 13 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Threatened rupture of abdominal aneurysms is a surgical emergency. Once an aneurysm ruptures, 50% of those with the aneurysm die before they reach the hospital. The longer it takes to get to the operating room, the higher the mortality. | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 74 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | What are the causes of abdominal aortic aneurysms? | The most common cause of aortic aneurysms is "hardening of the arteries" called arteriosclerosis. A majority of aortic aneurysms are caused by arteriosclerosis. The arteriosclerosis can weaken the aortic wall and the increased pressure of the blood being pumped through the aorta causes weakness of the inner layer of the aortic wall.The aortic wall has three layers, the tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima. The layers add strength to the aorta as well as elasticity to tolerate changes in blood pressure. Chronically increased blood pressure causes the media layer to break down and leads to the continuous, slow dilation of the aorta.Smoking is a major cause of aortic aneurysm. Studies have shown that the rate of aortic aneurysm has fallen at the same rate as population smoking rates.Other causes of aortic aneurysms<ul><li>Genetic/hereditary: Genetics may play a role in developing an aortic aneurysm. The risk of having an aneurysm increases if a first-degree relative also has one. The aneurysm may present at a younger age and is also at a higher risk of rupture.</li><li>Genetic disease: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome are two connective tissue diseases that are associated with the development of aortic aneurysm. Abnormalities of the connective tissue in the layers of the aortic wall can contribute to weakness in sections of the aorta.</li><li>Post-trauma: Trauma can injure the aortic wall and cause immediate damage or it may cause an area of weakness that will form an aneurysm over time.</li><li>Arteritis: Inflammation of blood vessels as occurs in Takayasu disease, giant cell arteritis, and relapsing polychondritis can contribute to aneurysm.</li><li>Mycotic (fungal) infection: A mycotic or fungal infection may be associated with immunodeficiency, IV drug abuse, syphilis, and heart valve surgery.</li></ul> | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 75 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | What size are most abdominal aortic aneurysms? | Most aortic aneurysms are fusiform. They are shaped like a spindle ("fusus" means spindle in Latin) with widening all around the circumference of the aorta. (Saccular aneurysms just involve a portion of the aortic wall with a localized out pocketing). | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 76 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | Who gets abdominal aortic aneurysms? Are they genetic? | Abdominal aortic aneurysms tend to occur in white males over the age of 60. In the United States, these aneurysms occur in up to 3.0% of the population. Aneurysms start to form at about age 50 and peak at age 80. Women are less likely to have aneurysms than men and African Americans are less likely to have aneurysms than Caucasians.There is a genetic component that predisposes one to developing an aneurysm; the prevalence in someone who has a first-degree relative with the condition can be as high as 25%.Collagen vascular diseases that can weaken the tissues of the aortic walls are also associated with aortic aneurysms. These diseases include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 77 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | What are risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms? | The risk factors for aortic aneurysm are the same as those for atherosclerotic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease and include:<ul><li>Cigarette smoking: This not only increases the risk of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm, but also increases the risk of aneurysm rupture. Aortic rupture is a life-threatening event where blood escapes the aorta and the patient can quickly bleed to death.</li><li>High blood pressure</li><li>Elevated blood cholesterol levels</li><li>Diabetes mellitus</li></ul> | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 78 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | How are abdominal aortic aneurysms diagnosed? | Physical examination can be the initial way the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm is made. The health care professional may be able to feel a pulsatile mass in the center of the abdomen and make the clinical diagnosis. In obese patients with a large girth, physical exam is less helpful. In very thin patients, the aorta can often be seen to pulsate under the skin and this may be a normal finding. Listening with a stethoscope may also reveal a bruit or abnormal sound from turbulence of blood within the aneurysm.In most cases, X-rays of the abdomen show calcium deposits in the aneurysm wall. But plain X-rays of the abdomen cannot determine the size and the extent of the aneurysm.Ultrasonography usually gives a clear picture of the size of an aneurysm. Ultrasound has about 98% accuracy in measuring the size of the aneurysm and is safe and noninvasive.CT scan of the abdomen is highly accurate in determining the size and extent of the aneurysm and its location in the aorta. To help plan repair, if needed, it is important to know whether the aneurysm is above or below where the renal arteries branch off to go to the kidneys and whether the aneurysm extends towards the chest or down into the iliac arteries into the legs. CT scans require dye to be injected to evaluate the blood vessels (including the aorta). People with kidney disease or dye allergies may not be candidates for CT. MRI/MRA (magnetic resonance imaging and arteriography) may be an alternative.An aortogram, an X-ray study where dye is directly injected into the aorta, was the test of choice, but CT and MRI have taken its place. | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 79 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | What is the treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms? | Abdominal aortic aneurysms gradually expand over time. The larger the aneurysm, the greater the risk of rupture and death. Small aneurysms can be observed and followed with repeated ultrasounds or other imaging.Guidelines for following an aneurysm are as follows:<ul><li>A normal aorta measures up to 1.7 cm in a male and 1.5 cm in a female.</li><li>Aneurysms that are found incidentally or by accident that are less than 3.0 cm do not need to be re-evaluated or followed.</li><li>Aneurysms measuring 3.0 to 4.0 cm should be rechecked by ultrasound every year to monitor for potential enlargement and dilation.</li><li>Aneurysms measuring 4.0 to 4.5 cm should be monitored every 6 months by ultrasound.</li><li>Aneurysms measuring greater than 4.5 cm should be evaluated by a surgeon for potential repair.</li></ul> | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 80 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | What is abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 11 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Each patient is different and the decision to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm depends upon the size of the aneurysm, the age of the patient, underlying medical conditions, and life expectancy.There are two approaches for repair:<ul><li>The first is the traditional surgical approach. A large incision is made in the abdomen, the aortic aneurysm is identified and cut out or resected. The missing piece of aorta is replaced with a synthetic graft.</li><li>The second approach is placing an endovascular graft. A catheter or tube is threaded into the femoral artery in the groin and the graft is positioned so that it spans and sits inside the aneurysm and protects it from expanding (endovascular: endo = inside + vascular = blood vessel).</li></ul>The approach to treatment needs to be tailored to the individual patient and very much depends upon the location, size, and shape of the aneurysm. | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 81 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | What is the nonsurgical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm? | Once an aneurysm is detected, the goal is to try to prevent it from enlarging. Life-long control of risk factors is a must and includes the following:<ul><li>Stopping cigarette smoking.</li><li>Controlling high blood pressure: Beta blocker medications may be used to control both blood pressure and to decrease the pressure within the aneurysm.</li><li>Controlling blood cholesterol.</li><li>Keeping diabetes under control.</li><li>Routine monitoring of the size of the aneurysm:<ul><li>A normal aorta measures up to 1.7 cm in a male and 1.5 cm in a female.</li><li>Aneurysms that are found incidentally or by accident that are less than 3.0 cm do not need to be re-evaluated or followed.</li><li>Aneurysms measuring 3.0 to 4.0 cm should be rechecked by ultrasound every year to monitor for potential enlargement and dilation.</li><li>Aneurysms measuring 4.0 to 4.5 cm should be monitored every 6 months by ultrasound.</li><li>Aneurysms measuring greater than 4.5 cm should be evaluated by a surgeon for potential repair.</li></ul></li></ul> | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 82 | 2018-04-02 17:24:28 | What are the complications with an abdominal aortic aneurysm? | An aortic aneurysm can leak causing an increase in the patient's abdominal pain. When pain is felt in the back or flank, the symptoms can be misdiagnosed as a kidney stone. If the diagnosis is missed or if the patient does not present for care, the aneurysm can burst or rupture causing potential catastrophe and death.Since aneurysms are associated with atherosclerosis and plaque along the aortic wall and since aneurysms often contain a clot, debris can travel, or embolize, into smaller blood vessels and cause symptoms due to decreased blood flow.Aneurysms can rarely become infected. | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 7 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
| 83 | 2018-04-02 17:24:32 | Heat cramps facts | <ul> <li>Heat cramps are intermittent, involuntary spasms of larger muscles that occur in an individual who is physically active in hot weather.</li> <li>Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke are collectively known as heat-related illness. Heat cramps are the least serious of the three, but still may be very painful and alarming. </li> <li>Heat cramps usually affect the major muscles that are being stressed in a hot environment.</li> <li>Individuals at risk for heat cramps include those who work, exercise, or are active in a hot environment.</li> <li>Individuals with impaired temperature control mechanisms, such as infants, young children, and the elderly, are also at a greater risk of heat cramps.</li> <li>Heat cramps are the earliest symptoms of a heat-related illness.</li> <li>Symptoms of heat cramps include profuse sweating with involuntary spasms of the large muscles in the body.</li> <li>Heat cramps also may be a symptom of heat exhaustion.</li> <li>The diagnosis of heat cramps is usually made by reviewing the patient history and identifying the muscle groups that are involuntarily in spasm.</li> <li>Treatment of heat cramps include rest, cooling the body, hydration, and stretching the muscles that are cramping.</li> <li>Heat cramps can be prevented by avoiding exercise or work during the heat of the day, drinking plenty of fluids, and resting in cool or shaded areas when possible.</li></ul> | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) | 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) |
| 84 | 2018-04-02 17:24:32 | What are heat cramps? | Heat cramps are the intermittent, involuntary spasm of muscles that occur in an individual who is physically active (for example, working or exercising) in hot or humid weather. They are often associated with dehydration. Heat cramps usually affect the major muscles that are being stressed in the hot environment. Most often these are the thigh and leg (quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius), the core muscles (abdominal wall and back) and the arm muscles (biceps, triceps). Heat cramps can also occur after the activity has been completed. For example, construction workers or roofers can develop cramps a few hours after their work shift is over. | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) | 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) |
| 85 | 2018-04-02 17:24:32 | Who is at risk for heat cramps? | While heat cramps tend to affect those who are active in a hot environment, it should be noted that heat cramps are one of the symptoms associated with heat exhaustion as part of the spectrum of heat-related illness. Those individuals who have impaired temperature control mechanisms are at higher risk for developing heat-related illness. The body's most effective way of cooling itself is through sweat, and then the sweat evaporates into the environment. Those at most risk for heat cramps include: <ul> <li>Infants and young children because they depend upon others to avoid the heat, dress them appropriately (avoid swaddling an infant since it prevents air movement over the skin to promote sweat evaporation) and provide enough fluid to drink</li> <li>The elderly because they may have underlying medical conditions, including heart and lung disease, and they can easily become dehydrated</li> <li>People who live by themselves or who cannot afford air conditioning are at higher risk for heat related illness</li> <li>A variety of medications can impair the body's sweat and heat regulation. Examples of drugs include medication prescribed for psychiatric conditions, including antipsychotic medications and tranquilizers. Over-the-counter cold medications and antihistamines also impair the body's temperature control mechanism. </li> <li>Alcohol consumption</li> </ul> | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) | 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) |
| 86 | 2018-04-02 17:24:32 | What causes heat cramps? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 1 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> While it was thought that dehydration and electrolyte imbalance was the cause of muscle cramping, there are alternative theories as to why muscles cramp when the body is exposed to heat. Since heat cramps begin after significant exercise in a hot environment where the affected individual begins sweating profusely, the theory was that muscles were depleted of water and sodium affecting their ability to contract and relax. Some new research suggests that as the muscles tire from excess activity and work, the ability for the muscle to regulate its own contraction is lost and this is called altered neuromuscular control. Regardless of the cause, the diagnosis and treatment for heat cramps remain the same. | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) | 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) |
| 87 | 2018-04-02 17:24:32 | What are the signs and symptoms of heat cramps? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 1 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Heat cramps are the earliest symptoms of the spectrum of heat-related illness. <ul> <li>There is usually significant sweating with involuntary spasm of the large muscles in the body. </li> <li>The muscles that cramp are usually those that have been stressed. </li> <li>Runners and football players tend to get leg muscle cramps, but people who lift objects as part of their job can get cramps in the muscles of the arms or the core trunk muscles like the abdominal muscles (rectus abdominus). </li> <li>Heat cramps usually begin after significant activity has occurred, but they also can occur hours after the activity has been completed.</li> </ul> Do individuals with heat cramps tend only to have muscle cramps? If an individual has other signs or symptoms such as lightheadedness, weakness, nausea and vomiting, and headache he or she may be suffering from heat exhaustion. Affected individuals who have stopped sweating or who develop a fever and become confused may be developing heat stroke, which is a true medical emergency. | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) | 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) |
| 88 | 2018-04-02 17:24:32 | When should an individual seek medical care for heat cramps? | Heat cramps can usually be treated when and where they occur. The affected individual should stop all activity and find a cool place to rest. The muscle cramps and spasms can be overcome by gently stretching the cramped muscle(s). Individuals can often replace their fluid loss by drinking a combination of water, sports drinks, or other electrolyte replacement solutions. If the cramps cannot be controlled, the affected individual should seek medical care. There is no specific condition that differentiates heat cramps from heat exhaustion. The symptoms of these conditions form a spectrum from mild to moderate heat-related illness and symptoms can overlap. Severe heat cramps may actually be heat exhaustion. This is especially true if the person has nausea or vomiting and cannot replace the fluid loss, if they have significant fatigue and weakness, or of they have profuse sweating that does not stop when placed in a cooler environment. Heat stroke is a true medical emergency and can be deadly. The body's ability to cool itself no longer functions, and as the temperature spikes, sometimes greater than 106 F (41 C), confusion and coma can occur. Emergency medical services should be activated (call 911) immediately if an individual is thought to have heat stroke. While waiting for help to arrive, the person should be moved to a cool place, clothes should be removed to help air circulate over the body, and cool water should be sprayed or sponged onto the body to attempt to cool it. Prevention is the key to avoiding heat cramps, or other heat-related illness. A person who has had heat cramps is more prone to developing them again. Some professions are at higher risk for heat cramps, for example, construction workers and roofers are potentially exposed not only to the heat from the sun but also from the radiant heat from the hot shingles and liners on the roof. It may be helpful to acclimate to the hot environment over a period of days to allow the body and its muscles to adapt to its water and electrolyte needs. | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) | 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) |
| 89 | 2018-04-02 17:24:32 | How are heat cramps diagnosed? | The diagnosis of heat cramps is usually made after taking the patient's history. It is important to know about the environment where the person affected by heat cramps was working, exercising, etc.. <ul> <li>How hot was it? </li> <li>How humid was it? </li> <li>Was there adequate air circulation? </li> <li>What activity was being performed and for how long? </li> <li>When did the cramps start? What muscles were involved?</li> <li>Was there associated sweating? </li> <li>Had the affected individual been acclimated to the hot environment? </li> <li>Was the person drinking enough water? One sign of heat cramps or a heat-related illness may be the color of urine. When the body becomes dehydrated, the kidneys conserve water and the result is concentrated, strong smelling, darker, yellow urine. If there is adequate water in the body the urine tends to be clear.</li> </ul> Often the physical examination will be relatively normal. The cramped muscles may be sore to touch and if there hasn't been adequate fluid replacement, the muscle may cramp again when taken through its normal range of motion. The physical exam may find signs of dehydration such as a dry mouth and tongue, lack of sweat in the armpits and groin, and decreased urine output. The vital signs can be a clue (for example, low blood pressure) and rapid heart rate (tachycardia). The affected person's blood pressure may be much lower upon standing compared to lying down (orthostatic hypotension). | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) | 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) |
| 90 | 2018-04-02 17:24:32 | What first aid treatments can help heat cramps? | <ul> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Most first aid treatment for heat cramps can occur before seeking medical care: <ul> <li>stop the activity being performed,</li> <li>get to a cooler place,</li> <li>drink plenty of fluids, and </li> <li>gently stretch the muscles that are cramping.</li> </ul> At the health care professional's office or a hospital, medical care focuses on symptom relief. It makes it difficult to replace body fluids if the patient has nausea or vomiting, so intravenous fluids may be administered. Anti-nausea medications like promethazine (Phenergan), prochlorperazine (Compazine), droperidol (Inapsine), or ondansetron (Zofran) may be used to control those symptoms. Painful muscles may be treated with over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin, and others) or naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naprelan). Though it is a non-prescription medication, it is important to remember that there may side effects or interactions with prescription medications. When you are not certain which medication to consider, consult your health care professional or pharmacist as a helpful information resource. | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) | 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) |
| 91 | 2018-04-02 17:24:32 | What are the complications of heat cramps? | There are few long-term consequences of heat cramps, however, once a person experiences heat cramps, they may be at risk for future episodes. | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) | 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) |
| 92 | 2018-04-02 17:24:32 | How can heat cramps be prevented? | <ul> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Prevention is the best treatment for heat cramps. If possible, try to avoid working or exercising in the heat of the day, but if it is required, acclimating to the hot weather is important. Drink plenty of fluids and if the activity lasts a prolonged period of time, consider using sports or balanced electrolyte drinks. This is especially true if significant sweating occurs and electrolytes are lost through sweat. Try to rest in cool or shaded areas whenever possible. | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) | 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) |
| 93 | 2018-04-02 17:24:32 | What is the prognosis for heat cramps? | Heat cramps resolve with relatively simple treatments including rest, hydration and stretching. It is important to remember that heat cramps are the initial presentation of heat related illness and may progress to the more serious conditions of heat exhaustion or heat stroke. | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) | 8 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps) |
| 94 | 2018-04-02 17:24:35 | What is an abdominal hernia? | An abdominal hernia occurs when an organ or other piece of tissue protrudes through a weakening in one of the muscle walls that enclose the abdominal cavity. The sac that bulges through the weak area may contain a piece of intestine or fatty lining of the colon (omentum) if the hernia occurs in the abdominal wall or groin. If the hernia occurs through the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen, part of the stomach may be involved.The abdominal wall is made up of layers of different muscles and tissues. Weak spots may develop in these layers to allow contents the abdominal cavity to protrude or herniate. The most common abdominal hernias are in the groin (inguinal hernias), in the diaphragm (hiatal hernias), and the belly button (umbilicus). Hernias may be present at birth (congenital), or they may develop at any time thereafter (acquired). | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) | 9 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) |
| 95 | 2018-04-02 17:24:35 | What are the different types of abdominal hernias? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 5 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Hernias of the abdominal and pelvic floorInguinal hernias are the most common of the abdominal hernias. The inguinal canal is an opening that allows the spermatic cord and testicle to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum as the fetus develops and matures. After the testicle descends, the opening is supposed to close tightly, but sometimes the muscles that attach to the pelvis leave a weakened area. If later in life there is a stress placed on that area, the weakened tissues can allow a portion of small bowel or omentum to slide through that opening, causing pain and producing a bulge. Inguinal hernias are less likely to occur in women because there is no need for an opening in the inguinal canal to allow for the migration and descent of testicles.A femoral hernia may occur through the opening in the floor of the abdomen where there is space for the femoral artery and vein to pass from the abdomen into the upper leg. Because of their wider bone structure, femoral hernias tend to occur more frequently in women.Obturator hernias are the least common hernia of the pelvic floor. These are mostly found in women who have had multiple pregnancies or who have lost significant weight. The hernia occurs through the obturator canal, another connection of the abdominal cavity to the leg, and contains the obturator artery, vein, and nerve.Hernias of the anterior abdominal wallThe abdominal wall is made up of two sets muscles on each side of the body, that mirror each other. They include the rectus abdominus muscles, the internal obliques, the external obliques, and the transversalis.When epigastric hernias occur in infants, they occur because of a weakness in the midline of the abdominal wall where the two rectus muscles join together between the breastbone and belly button. Sometimes this weakness does not become evident until later in adult life as it becomes a bulge in the upper abdomen. Pieces of bowel, fat, or omentum can become trapped in this type of hernia.The belly button, or umbilicus, is where the umbilical cord attached the fetus to mother allowing blood circulation to the fetus. Umbilical hernias cause abnormal bulging in the belly button and are very common in newborns and often do not need treatment unless complications occur. Some umbilical hernias enlarge and may require repair later in life.Spigelian hernias occur on the outside edges of the rectus abdominus muscle and are rare.Incisional hernias occur as a complication of abdominal surgery, where the abdominal muscles are cut to allow the surgeon to enter the abdominal cavity to operate. Although the muscle is usually repaired, it becomes a relative area of weakness, potentially allowing abdominal organs to herniate through the incision.Diastasis recti is not a true hernia but rather a weakening of the membrane where the two rectus abdominus muscles from the right and left come together, causing a bulge in the midline. It is different than an epigastric hernia because, the diastasis does not trap bowel, fat, or other organs inside it.Hernias of the diaphragmHiatal hernias occur when part of the stomach slides through the opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes from the chest into the abdomen. A sliding hiatal hernia is the most common type and occurs when the lower esophagus and portions of the stomach slide through the diaphragm into the chest. Paraesophageal hernias occur when only the stomach herniates into the chest alongside the esophagus. This can lead to serious complications of obstruction or the stomach twisting upon itself (volvulus).Traumatic diaphragmatic hernias may occur due to major injury where blunt trauma weakens or tears the diaphragm muscle allowing immediate or delayed herniation of abdominal organs into the chest cavity. This may also occur after penetrating trauma from a stab or gunshot wound. Usually these hernias involve the left diaphragm because the liver, located under the right diaphragm, tends to protect it from herniation of bowel.Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are rare and are caused by failure of the diaphragm to completely form and close during fetal development. This can lead to failure of the lungs to fully mature, and it leads to decreased lung function if abdominal organs migrate into the chest. The most common type is a Bochdalek hernia at the side edge of the diaphragm. Morgagni hernias are even rarer and are a failure of the front of the diaphragm. | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) | 9 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) |
| 96 | 2018-04-02 17:24:35 | What causes an abdominal hernia? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 6 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> A hernia may be congenital and present at birth or it may develop over time in areas of weakness within the abdominal wall. Increasing the pressure within the abdominal cavity can cause stress at the weak points and allow parts of the abdominal cavity to protrude or herniate.Increased pressure within the abdomen may occur in a variety of situations including chronic cough, increased fluid within the abdominal cavity (ascites), peritoneal dialysis used to treat kidney failure, and tumors or masses in the abdomen. The pressure may increase due to lifting excess weight, straining to have a bowel movement or urinate, or from trauma to the abdomen. Pregnancy or excess abdominal weight and girth are also factors that can lead to a hernia. | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) | 9 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) |
| 97 | 2018-04-02 17:24:35 | What are the risk factors for a hernia? | Increased intra-abdominal pressure may lead to weakening of a portion of the abdominal wall, either acutely or gradually over time. Some risk factors include the following:<ul><li>Chronic constipation</li><li>Chronic cough</li><li>Recurrent vomiting</li><li>Obesity</li><li>Ascites (an abnormal collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity)</li><li>Peritoneal dialysis</li><li>Abdominal masses</li><li>Pregnancy</li><li>Abdominal surgeries (a risk for incisional hernias)</li><li>Repeatedly moving or lifting heavy objects | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) | 9 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) |
| 98 | 2018-04-02 17:24:35 | What are the signs and symptoms of an abdominal hernia? | <ul> <li> Readers Comments 13 </li> <li> Share Your Story </li> </ul> Most people can feel a bulge where an inguinal hernia develops in the groin. There may be a burning or sharp pain sensation in the area because of inflammation of the inguinal nerve or a full feeling in the groin with activity. If a hernia occurs because of an event like lifting a heavy weight, a sharp or tearing pain may be felt. However, many people do not have any complaint other than a feeling of fullness in the area of the inguinal canal.Complications occur when a piece of intestine or omentum becomes trapped (incarcerated) in the hernia sac. A piece of bowel may enter the hernia and become stuck. If the bowel swells, it can cause a surgical emergency as it loses its blood supply and becomes strangulated. In this situation, there can be significant pain and nausea and vomiting, signaling the possible development of a bowel obstruction. Fever may be associated with strangulated, dead bowel.A Richter's hernia is an uncommon type of hernia that leads to strangulation. Only a part of the bowel wall becomes stuck in the hernia. It won't necessarily cause a complete obstruction initially, since the passageway of the intestine still allows bowel contents to pass, but that portion of bowel wall that is trapped can strangulate and die.Femoral and obturator hernias present in much the same way as inguinal hernias, though because of their anatomic location, the fullness or lumps may be much more difficult to appreciate.Umbilical hernias are easy to appreciate and in adults often pop out with any increase in abdominal pressure. The complications again include incarceration and strangulation.A hiatal hernia does not cause many symptoms by itself, but when a sliding hernia occurs, the abnormal location of the gastroesophageal (GE) junction above the diaphragm affects its function and stomach contents can reflux into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) may cause burning chest pain, epigastric pain and burning in the upper abdomen nausea, vomiting, and a sour taste from stomach acid that washes into the back of the throat.A sports hernia is a tear or strain of any tissue in the lower abdomen or groin. It causes pain in the groin or inguinal area. It can involve any soft tissue, including muscle, tendon, or ligament and can initiated by physical activity, usually involving twisting or blunt force trauma to the abdomen. | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) | 9 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) |
| 99 | 2018-04-02 17:24:35 | What types of medical professionals treat and repair hernias? | Most often, primary care providers are the first to diagnose and treat a hernia. For hiatal hernias, usually medical, not surgical, care is needed and controlling the symptoms of GERD is the primary goal. Occasionally, a gastroenterologist will be involved in the care to assess the severity of GERD. Some hiatal hernias do require surgery and a general surgeon and/or a thoracic surgeon performs the operation, depending upon the location of the organs in the stomach or chest and the size of the defect in the diaphragm.While primary care providers make the diagnosis of an abdominal wall hernia, it is the general surgeon who performs the operation and repairs the hernia.When a hernia becomes incarcerated, often the patient goes to the emergency department and the physician there makes the diagnosis and sometimes can push the hernia back into place (reduced). If the hernia is reduced, referral as an outpatient to a general surgeon may be an option. If the hernia remains trapped (incarcerated) or if there is concern that the hernia is strangulated, an immediate consultation with a surgeon is required.Hernias in the neonatal period are often recognized by the pediatrician or family provider in the delivery suite or the newborn nursery. A pediatric surgeon may be consulted for their evaluation. | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) | 9 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) |
| 100 | 2018-04-02 17:24:35 | How do health care professionals diagnose abdominal hernias? | For inguinal hernias, most patients notice a feeling of fullness or a lump in the groin area with pain and burning. Physical examination can usually confirm the diagnosis. Femoral or obturator hernias are more difficult to appreciate and symptoms of recurrent inguinal or pelvic pain without obvious physical findings may require a CT scan to reveal the diagnosis. Umbilical hernias are much easier to locate with the bulging of the belly button.Hernias that are incarcerated or strangulated present a greater challenge since the potential complication of dead bowel increases the urgency. The health care professional seeks clues of obstruction, including a history of pain, nausea, vomiting, or fever. During a physical examination, a doctor may often discover that a patient has a markedly tender abdomen. These hernias are often exquisitely tender and firm. The exam may be enough to suspect incarceration or strangulation and require immediate consultation with a surgeon. Doctors may use X-rays or CT scans to confirm the diagnosis, depending upon the clinical situation.Doctors may be able to diagnose hiatal hernias associated with GERD by learning a patient's medical history during his or her physical exam. A chest X-ray can reveal part of the stomach within the chest. If there is concern about complications including esophageal inflammation (esophagitis), ulcers, or bleeding, a gastroenterologist may need to perform an endoscopy. | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) | 9 | 2017-12-14 14:09:18 | Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview) |